What is Clinical Research?
Conducting clinical research is a key part of medicine. The term “clinical research” describes studies that collect new information on human health and disease. Clinical research involves research volunteers to test new drugs, procedures, or devices; or to better understand how the human body works.
The Clinical Research Network (CRN) is committed to ensuring BMC's patients and our community members have the opportunity to participate in leading-edge research and feel well-informed when considering whether to volunteer.
People may choose to participate in research because:
- They want to help researchers to learn more about a disease or condition
- They want to help others by contributing to medical research
- They want to try a new treatment before it is available outside of a research study
The development of new medical treatments and cures would be impossible without the participation of research volunteers.
Millions of people volunteer to take part in clinical research every year. Their participation helps the medical community learn what works best in preventing and treating diseases. If you’re serious about volunteering, it’s important for you and your family to understand the process and your part in it.
Explore below to find helpful resources for current research participants, information about research, and how to search for clinical trials you’re interested in.
Common Questions & Answers
What is a clinical trial?
Clinical trials are medical research studies performed with the help of patients who volunteer to try new diagnostic techniques or new therapies, or to be observed as part of a group of people with a specific health issue. The doctors conducting the research seek to answer specific medical questions — ultimately to improve health and patient care.
Clinical trials are needed to develop or test new drugs, devices, treatments, and procedures and help answer questions like:
- Does it work?
- Does it work better than other treatments?
- What amount is safe and effective?
- What are the side effects?
Some of these treatments have not been approved by a government agency, which is why they are called “investigational” treatments. If clinical trials show that a new treatment works and is safe, then it can be approved to be used by the people who need it. If you have ever taken medicine or gotten a vaccine, then you have benefited from clinical trials.
How do clinical trials work?
For most clinical trials a participant is assigned to either an intervention or a control group.
Intervention Group: Participants in this group receive the intervention that is being tested.
Control Group: Participants in this group do not receive the intervention. Instead they might receive the standard treatment for the disease or condition, or they might receive a “placebo”. A placebo looks or feels like the intervention, but it is not an active medicine or treatment. The control group helps the researchers understand the effects of the experimental intervention.
Research participants are often assigned randomly to a group. This means your group assignment happens by chance (like tossing a coin). If you take part in a clinical trial, you might not get the experimental treatment that is being tested. In some cases, you won’t know the group to which you are assigned.
What are clinical trials used for?
Clinical trials are important because they are the best way to study (investigate) new treatments and understand their safety and efficacy (how well the drug or treatment works).
Types and Phases of Clinical Trials
Clinical trials can be used for much more than testing new drugs. Types of clinical trials include:
- Treatment trials – Test new drugs, devices, therapies or surgical techniques.
- Prevention trials – Look for ways to prevent disease.
- Diagnostic or screening trials – Find better tests for identifying or screening for certain health conditions.
- Quality of life trials (or supportive care trials) – Explore ways to improve quality of life for people living with chronic disease.
What are different types of study designs?
Interventional: Participants receive experimental treatment — which can include a drug, device, surgical procedure or an existing therapy used in a new way — to determine whether it’s safe and effective.
Observational: Participants receive diagnostic or therapeutic care through their regular care providers and researchers observe and note the health outcome, sometimes through review of patient medical charts.
Chart Review: Doctors use data from existing patient health charts to answer the research question.
Registry: Researchers study a specific patient population by observing participants with a particular disease, condition or exposure to something that may be affecting their health.
Specimen Collection and Research Repository: Participants donate biologic samples for analysis, including blood, solid tissues, cells, cell cultures or molecules derived from tissues — such as DNA, RNA and proteins — and body fluids. Participants may consent to use of their samples for a particular study or for unspecified future research or testing.
Behavioral Studies: These are studies that test how people act (behave) in different ways. For example, completing a survey about your experience with an illness, or being part of a focus group to talk about ways a program is working or not working.
Genetic Research: These are studies that look at the role of genes in different diseases. For example, a genetic research study discovered that the BRCA gene mutation is a risk factor for breast cancer.
Public Health Research: This is research that focuses on the prevention and treatment of illness and disease in a community or population. A media campaign that encourages healthy behaviors is an example of public health research.
Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR): This is research that engages community partners as equal participants in the research. CBPR is an effective method for community members and researchers to combine knowledge to improve community health.
How do clinical trials test new treatments for FDA approval?
The idea for a clinical trial often starts in the lab. After researchers test new treatments or procedures in the lab and in animals, the most promising treatments are moved into clinical trials. As new treatments move through a series of steps called phases, more information is gained about the treatment, its risks, and its effectiveness.
Drug Trial Phases
For the study of new drugs, or of existing drugs used in new ways, pre-clinical and clinical trials are divided into different phases, numbered from 0 to 4. The earliest phases may look at safety or side effects. A later phase may test whether a new treatment is better than existing treatments:
- Pre-Clinical: Research using In Vitro (i.e., test tube or petri dish) or In Vivo (i.e., live organism/animals) to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Preclinical studies take place before any testing in humans is done.
- Phase 0: An exploratory study that requires very limited human exposure to the drug and has no therapeutic or diagnostic goals.
- Phase 1: Conducted with an emphasis on safety, the goal is to discover how the drug is processed, toxicity and any side effects.
- Phase 2: Gathers preliminary data on effectiveness — whether the drug works in participants with a certain condition, compared with participants receiving a different treatment or a placebo (a medicine that has no effect).
- Phase 3: Measures safety and effectiveness by examining different populations taking different dosages of the drug or in combination with other drugs.
- Phase 4/Post Market Approval: Occurs after the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a drug, but researchers want more information about its safety, efficacy or best use.
Medical Device Trial Phases
Clinical trials are also used to test medical devices — healthcare products that don't achieve results through chemical action or by being metabolized. A device can range from something as simple as a tongue depressor or thermometer to a complex instrument, such as a specialized heart valve or robotic surgical device. Device trial phases include:
- Pilot/Feasibility – May be used to answer basic research questions or provide support for a future study. It's an initial, exploratory stage to determine whether the potential benefit justifies any risk.
- Pivotal – Evaluates the safety and effectiveness of the device for the intended use, which may require one or more studies.
- Post-market – Assesses safety of the device after it’s been used commercially, such as investigating rare adverse events or long-term effectiveness.
How are research studies funded and led?
The people or organizations that initiate studies are known as research sponsors. Doctors, medical institutions, foundations, voluntary groups, device and pharmaceutical companies sponsor medical studies. Federal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) also sponsor research. Trials can take place in hospitals, universities, doctors’ offices or community clinics.
Every study has a principal investigator, or lead researcher, who takes direct responsibility for completion of a clinical trial. The principal investigator directs the research and reports to the sponsor.
Who participates in clinical trials?
People of all ages may participate in clinical trials. Some participants have a disease or condition that the researchers are studying; other participants are healthy volunteers. For each clinical trial, there are requirements regarding who can participate (inclusion criteria) and reasons why someone might not qualify to participate in the trial (exclusion criteria). Trial criteria may include age, sex, the type and stage of the disease, and previous treatment history.
Why is diversity important in clinical research?
Diversity in clinical trial participation helps ensure new treatments are safe and effective for all people. People may experience the same disease differently. It’s essential that clinical trials include people with a variety of lived experiences and living conditions, as well as characteristics like race and ethnicity, age, sex, and sexual orientation, so that all communities benefit from scientific advances.Learn more about why diversity in clinical research matters here(video).
Can children participate in research?
Yes. It’s important that children be involved in research so that researchers can understand the health and behavior of children. Treatments may work differently in children than they do in adults.
There are special protections and laws in place that apply to any research that involves children. Children (any person under 18) cannot agree to participate in research for themselves, and must have a parent or guardian give permission (consent) for their child to participate in a research study.
What are the potential benefits or risks of participating in research?
Benefits
- Having access to experimental treatments that are not yet available to the public
- Helping others by contributing to the development of new medical treatments or procedures
Risks
- Receiving an experimental treatment when its effects are not yet fully understood
- Experiencing unpleasant, serious, or even life-threatening side effects or complications
What questions should I ask my doctor or the study staff?
Below are some questions you can ask your doctor or study staff when considering participation in a clinical trial.
- What is the main purpose of this study?
- Has the study been approved by an IRB?
- What are the risks and benefits of joining the study?
- Does the study involve a placebo or a treatment that is already on the market?
- How will the treatment be given to me?
- How long is the study going to last and what will I be asked to do as a participant?
- What has been learned about the study treatment and are any study results published?
- Do I have to pay for any part of the study? Will my insurance cover these costs?
- Is there any reimbursement for travel costs or childcare?
- Will I be able to see my own doctor?
- If the treatment works for me, can I keep using it after the study?
- Can anyone find out whether I’m participating in the clinical trial?
- Will I receive any follow-up care after the study has ended?
- What will happen to my medical care if I stop participating in the study?
- Does the physician/investigator have any financial or special interest in the clinical study?
- What are the credentials and research experience of the physician and study staff?
- When and how will the results of the clinical trial be provided to me?
- Will I learn my treatment assignment?
Do I get paid to be in a clinical trial?
Some trials pay for travel costs, time, and commitment. But not all do. Each trial will have its own guidelines that tell you if you will be paid, what costs will be covered, and what expenses you can be reimbursed for. Check with your trial doctor and the research team to confirm.
Payments in trials are made for your time and possible inconvenience of participating in the trial. These payments are also called compensation or stipends. The amount is usually based on the trial length, number of visits, the types of procedures, and other factors.
Will my insurance cover any costs?
Some costs may be covered by your health insurance. These may include travel costs for taxis, buses, gas mileage, or hotels. There could also be costs for the care you receive in a trial.
Usually, most of the costs in a trial are covered by the trial sponsor. The sponsor is the organization that funds and conducts the trial. Every trial has an Informed Consent Form that explains the possible costs, payments you may receive, and expenses that will be covered by the sponsor. You can also ask the trial staff for more information about costs.
What are my rights as a research participant?
As a research participant, you have the following rights:
- To be treated in a caring and polite way.
- To be told what the study is trying to find out.
- To be informed what will happen, and whether any of the procedures, drugs or devices are different from what would be used in standard medical care.
- To be told about possible side effects or discomforts that may occur during the study.
- To be told if you can expect any benefit from being in the study and, if so, what the benefit might be.
- To be told of other choices for treatment you have, and how they might be better or worse than being in the study.
- To be told what sort of treatment is available if any medical problems arise.
- To be allowed to ask any questions about the study both before agreeing to be involved and during the course of the study.
- To be free from pressure when deciding if you want to be in the study.
- To be told about new information learned during the study that might affect your safety or your willingness to continue to take part in the study.
- To refuse to be in the study, or to change your mind about being in the study after it has started. This decision will not affect the care you receive at the hospital.
- To receive a copy of your signed consent form.
If you are not fluent in English or prefer to communicate with your study team in a language other than English, study materials will be presented in language understandable to you and an interpreter will be provided for conversations with the study team. Boston Medical Center has a dedicated Interpreter Services Department that staffs certified medical interpreters who speak most of the languages spoken across the Boston area.
View Participant Bill of Rights in:
What are clinical trial protocols?
Clinical trials follow a plan known as a protocol. The protocol is carefully designed to balance the potential benefits and risks to participants, and answer specific research questions. A protocol describes the following:
- The goal of the study
- Who is eligible to take part in the trial
- Protections against risks to participants
- Details about tests, procedures, and treatments
- How long the trial is expected to last
- What information will be gathered
A clinical trial is led by a principal investigator (PI). Members of the research team regularly monitor the participants’ health to determine the study’s safety and effectiveness.
What is informed consent?
Informed consent is the process of providing you with key information about a research study before you decide whether to accept the offer to take part. The process of informed consent continues throughout the study.
To help you decide whether to take part, members of the research team explain the details of the study. If you do not understand English, an interpreter will be provided. Boston Medical Center has a dedicated Interpreter Services Department that staffs certified medical interpreters who speak most of the languages spoken across the Boston area.
The research team provides an informed consent document that includes details about the study, such as its purpose, how long it’s expected to last, tests or procedures that will be done as part of the research, and who to contact for further information. The informed consent document also explains risks and potential benefits. You can then decide whether to sign the document. Taking part in a clinical trial is voluntary and you can leave the study at any time.
It’s not a contract and it’s not binding. You may withdraw from a trial at any time.
What is IRB?
In the United States, an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approves and monitors clinical research to ensure that risks are reduced and are outweighed by potential benefits. IRBs typically include people with varying backgrounds, including community member(s), to make sure that research activities are completely and adequately reviewed.
The Office of Human Research Affairs (OHRA) is responsible for overseeing human research conducted at BMC, to ensure that it is held to the highest ethical standards and meets all regulatory requirements.
Our local BMC/BU IRB needs community members to serve on the IRB and provide their opinions. To learn more about volunteering with the IRB, call or email the IRB at 617-358-5372 or email the IRB.
Learn more about BMC's IRB.
What are different ways I can be involved in research?
Become a Research Advocate – The Office of Human Research Affairs (OHRA) offers trainings to community members about getting involved in research. Email them here for more information.
Participate in a study – Please see the section below to learn more about participating in a study.
Join our Institutional Review Board (IRB) – An IRB is a group of people who review research to make sure it is ethical and safe. Our IRB needs community members to serve on the IRB and provide their opinions. Please click here to learn more about volunteering with the IRB, and call the IRB at 617-358-5372 or email the IRB for more information.
How can I learn more about the outcome of completed trials?
You can find results from past clinical trials on the website. Some sponsors post results on their own websites. The European Union (EU) also posts plain language summaries for trials that take place in any EU member state. You can search for these summaries on this website.
As a participant, you are entitled to a plain language summary of the results of your clinical trial once the trial is finished. If you do not have access to a summary, check with the trial doctor or research team or contact the Clinical Research Network.
Finding a Research Study that is Right for You
Search for Trials at Boston Medical Center or Boston University Medical Center
Trials Today is a Web-based list of open studies at BMC and BUMC..
Search for Trials Nationwide
ClinicalTrials.gov is a national resource provided by the US National Library of Medicine. Search by location, condition, or treatment to find trials for you.
Get Help Searching for Trials
The Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participants (CISCRP) is a local organization that provides free services that help you find trials that may be right for you. Visit their website to get started.
Talk to Your Doctor
Talking to your doctor about research is a great way to find out about studies that may be a good fit for you, or to talk about a research study that you found and have questions about.
Multilingual Research Education Brochures
How is health research different from health care?
- English: How is health research different from health care? (PDF)
- Spanish: ¿en qué se diferencia la investigación médica de la atención médica? (PDF)
- Haitian Creole: Ki diferans ki genyen ant rechèch medikal ak swen sante? (PDF)
- French: Différences entre la recherche médicale et les soins de santé (PDF)
- Portuguese: Como uma pesquisa de saúde difere da assistência médica?
- Cape Verdean: Modi ki piskiza médiku é diferenti di kuidadus médiku? (PDF)
- Vietnamese: NGHIÊN CỨU SỨC KHỎE KHÁC VỚI CHĂM SÓC SỨC KHỎE NHƯ THẾ NÀO? (PDF)
What is a Clinical Trial?
- English: Clinical Trials (PDF)
- Spanish: Ensayos clínicos (PDF)
- Haitian Creole: Esè klinik (PDF)
- French: Essais cliniques (PDF)
- Portuguese: Testes clínicos (PDF)
- Cape Verdean: Testis kliínikus (PDF)
- Vietnamese: THỬ NGHIỆM LÂM SÀNG (PDF)
Research Participants’ Bill of Rights
Should I Be A Research Subject?
- English: Should I Be a Research Subject? (PDF)
- Spanish: ¿Debo ser un participante en investigación? (PDF)
- Haitian Creole: Èske se pou mwen patisipe nan etid rechèch? (PDF)
- French: Est-ce que je devrais être un participant à la recherche? (PDF)
- Portuguese: Devo participar de uma pesquisa? (PDF)
- Cape Verdean: N podi partisipa na un peskiza? (PDF)
- Vietnamese: Tôi Có Nên Tham Gia Nghiên Cứu Không? (PDF)
Research Data: How is my information protected and used?
- English: Research data: how is my information protected and used? (PDF)
- Spanish: ¿datos de investigación: ¿cómo se protege y usa mi información? (PDF)
- Haitian Creole: Done rechèch: kijan yo pwoteje epi itilize enfòmasyon mwen? (PDF)
- French: Mes données cliniques : comment sont-elles utilisées et protégées? (PDF)
- Portuguese: Dados de pesquisa: Como minhas informações são protegidas e usadas? (PDF)
- Cape Verdean: Dadus di piskiza: Modi ki nha informason ta prutejédu y uzadu? (PDF)
- Vietnamese: DỮ LIỆU NGHIÊN CỨU: THÔNG TIN CỦA TÔI ĐƯỢC BẢO VỆ VÀ SỬ DỤNG NHƯ THẾ NÀO? (PDF)
What is involved in a drug research study?
- English: What is involved in a drug research study? (PDF)
- Spanish: ¿qué implica un estudio de investigación de medicamentos? (PDF)
- Haitian Creole: Kisa ki genyen nan yon etid rechèch sou medikaman? (PDF)
- French: En quoi consiste une étude clinique pharmacologique? (PDF)
- Portuguese: O que está envolvido em um estudo de pesquisa com fármacos? (PDF)
- Cape Verdean: Kuze ki ta sta involvidu na un studu di invistigason di ramedi? (PDF)
- Vietnamese: MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU THUỐC BAO GỒM NHỮNG GÌ? (PDF)
Participating in a Survey
- English: Participating in a Survey (PDF)
- Spanish: Participar en un cuestionario (PDF)
- Haitian Creole: Patisipe nan yon sondaj (PDF)
- French: Participer à une enquête clinique (PDF)
- Portuguese: Participação em uma pesquisa com questionário (PDF)
- Cape Verdean: Partisipa na un inkéritu (PDF)
- Vietnamese: THAM GIA VÀO MỘT CUỘC KHẢO SÁT (PDF)
Social and Behavioral Research
- English: Social and Behavioral Research
- Spanish: Investigación social y del comportamiento
- Haitian Creole: Rechèch sosyal ak konpòtmantal
- French: Recherche sociale et comportementale
- Portuguese: Pesquisa Social e Comportamental
- Cape Verdean: Piskiza Sosial y Konportamental
- Vietnamese: Xã hội và nghiên cứu hành vi
Genetic Research
- English: Genetic Research
- Spanish: Investigación genética
- Haitian Creole: Rechèch jenetik
- French: Recherche génétique
- Portuguese: Pesquisa Genética
- Cape Verdean: Piskiza Jenétiku
- Vietnamese: Di truyền Nghiên cứu
Giving samples and information for research
- English: Giving samples and information for research
- Spanish: Dar muestras e información para una investigación
- Haitian Creole: Bay echantiyon ak enfòmasyon pou rechèch
- French: Le don d’échantillons et de données pour la recherche
- Portuguese: Fornecimento de amostras e informações para pesquisa
- Cape Verdean: Da amostras y Informasons pa piskiza
- Vietnamese: CUNG CẤP MẪU VÀ THÔNG TIN CHO NGHIÊN CỨU
Blood Draws for Research
- English: Blood Draw for Research
- Spanish: Extracción de sangre para investigación
- Haitian Creole: Prelèvman san pou rechèch
- French: Prise de sang pour la recherche
- Portuguese: Coleta de Sangue para Pesquisa
- Cape Verdean: Da Sangi Pa Piskiza
- Vietnamese: Lấy máu Đối với nghiên cứu
Incidental Findings
- English: Incidental Findings
- Spanish: hallazgos incidentales
- Haitian Creole: dekouvèt pa chans
- French: Découvertes fortuites
- Portuguese: Achados incidentais
- Vietnamese: phat hein ngau nhien
Meet the Research Team
- English: Meet the Research Team
- Spanish: Conozca al equipo de investigación
- Haitian Creole: Rankontre ekip rechèch la
- French: Présentation de l’équipe de recherche
- Portuguese: Conheça a equipe de pesquisa
- Cape Verdean: Konxi ikipa di piskiza
- Vietnamese: GẶP NHÓM NGHIÊN CỨU
These informational brochures were developed by the Office of Human Research Affairs (OHRA) as part of the New England Research Subject Advocacy (RSA) program.
Educational Videos from CISCRP
CISCRP, the Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participation, is a local organizations that provides the public with clinical trial resources.
Resources for Study Participants
Contacting Your Study Team
If you need assistance, have questions, or have decided to stop participating, please contact the study investigators. The consent form you signed at the beginning of the study should have their contact information.
If you cannot reach anyone from the study or if you would like to speak confidentially to someone who is not part of the study, please call or email the BMC/Boston University Medical Campus Institutional Review Board (IRB) at 617-358-5372 or email the IRB.
Participant Bill of Rights
View the Research Participant Bill of Rights:
Research Participant FAQs
Explore answers to frequently asked questions that you may have as a research study participant in a clinical trial.
Can I leave a research study?
You are free to leave a study at any time and for any reason. While your participation is very important, it is your choice. If you want to stop, you should tell the study doctor or coordinator. If a study involves medication, it may not be safe to stop taking it all at once. Talk to your doctor about how to safely end your participation.
The researcher can also choose to end your participation in a study. This decision is usually made when continuing in the study is not in your best interest, if you did not follow the rules of the study, or if the study was stopped. You will be told why your participation was ended. You will also be given the chance to ask questions.
What if I am concerned about a study I am already in?
If you have questions or concerns about a study that you are in or were in, you should contact the study investigators. If you do not feel comfortable discussing a concern with your study’s research coordinator or doctor, please call the IRB at 617-358-5372 or email the IRB. The IRB will keep your information confidential. You have a right to be heard.
Will participating cost me money?
Some studies pay for all or some of the costs of participation. These costs could include study-related clinic visits and activities (tests, exams, co-pays, etc.), or transportation. Other studies do not reimburse any costs. The consent form you signed at the beginning of the study should list any costs to you. We recommend asking your study coordinator about your costs before you begin the study.
Will I get paid for participating?
Some studies will provide a small payment or other type of compensation to participants. Other studies do not. The consent form you signed at the beginning of the study should list any payments to you. We recommend asking the study coordinator for full details about any payment before you begin the study.
Reimbursement
BMC's preferred method to reimburse participants for their time spent supporting research is called ClinCard. ClinCard is a web-based reloadable debit card program used to support study teams to issue, track, and report on payments.
Need help with ClinCard?
Although ClinCard can also be used to reimburse participants for direct costs spent related to the study, BMC also has alternative methods of reimbursement such as meal vouchers, Uber Health, etc. Please, discuss your expense needs with your study team.
With ClinCard, teams can load funds onto the card and distribute it to participants, who can use it like a regular debit card. This helps to simplify the payment process and ensure that participants receive reimbursement in a timely and efficient manner. Additionally it ensures controls that protect the institution, study team, and participant.
Visit this fact sheet for guidance on how to use ClinCard: ClinCard FAQ Sheet.
Insurance
Some costs may be covered by your health insurance. These may include travel costs for taxis, buses, gas mileage, or hotels. There could also be costs for the care you receive in a trial. Usually, most of the costs in a trial are covered by the trial sponsor. The sponsor is the organization that funds and conducts the trial. Every trial has an Informed Consent Form that explains the possible costs, payments you may receive, and expenses that will be covered by the sponsor. You can also ask the trial staff for more information about costs.
Contact Us
Researchers outside of BMC and Boston University as well as sponsors, community organizations, and community members may contact the CRN by completing our contact request form.
Clinical Research Network
960 Massachusetts Avenue, Second Floor
Boston, MA 02118
Email: CRN@bmc.org