a. Hysterosalpingography
b. Pelvic ultrasonography and saline infusion ultrasonography (sonohysteroscopy or hydrosonographic)
c. CT
d. MRI
2. Describe normal and abnormal reproductive tract anatomy visualized by hysteroscopy and laparoscopy.
3. Describe the gross anatomic appearance of müllerian abnormalities.
4. Describe the gross anatomic abnormalities that occur in patients with disorders of sexual differentiation.
1. Describe the normal bacteriologic flora of the lower genital tract.
2. Describe the possible effect of pathogenic vaginal organisms on the composition of cervical mucus.
3. Describe the histologic alterations in the endometrium and fallopian tubes associated with bacterial infection.
4. Describe the possible immunologic causes of infertility.
5. Describe the immunologic alterations associated with aging.
1. Describe the histologic appearance of endometriosis.
2. Describe the histologic changes of the endometrium associated with:
a. The normal menstrual cycle
b. Patients who receive ovulation-inducing or _-inhibiting agents
c. Chronic anovulation
3. Describe the histologic appearance of the ovary:
a. In its normal state
b. In androgen-excess disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and hyperthecosis
a. Induce ovulation
b. Inhibit ovulation (eg, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, steroid contraceptives)
c. Inhibit the effects of prostaglandins
2. Describe the pharmacology of hormone replacement therapy and serum estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).
3. Describe the pharmacology of medications used to inhibit bone resorption (eg, the biophosphonates).
a. Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
b. Adrenal steroid and catecholamine synthesis
c. Thyroid gland
d. Female and male gametogenesis
e. Hormonally regulated tissue receptors
2. Describe the normal process of steroid hormone biosynthesis.
3. Describe the relationship between ovarian and adrenal androgen production and hyperinsulinemia.
1. Describe the normal embryology of müllerian development.
2. Describe the pathogenesis of abnormal müllerian development.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of disorders of sexual differentiation.
a. Normal and abnormal müllerian development
b. Disorders of androgen excess
c. Repetitive pregnancy loss
d. Ambiguous genitalia
2. Describe the principles of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. | 
